| Abstract: | An article, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), is manufactured such that the article includes an authentication element that is indicative of an authentication code associated with the article. A block of a blockchain ledger is generated based upon the authentication code. After the article leaves a trusted chain of custody, the article can be authenticated based upon the blockchain. An authentication code can be read from an authentication element included in or on an article under test that is of undetermined authenticity. The authentication code can be evaluated against the blockchain to determine if the authentication code is a genuine code used to generate a block of the blockchain. If the authentication code is genuine, the article under test can be authenticated. |