| Abstract: |   A sensor uses microneedle electrodes and multi-frequency electrical
     impedance spectroscopy to monitor plant water status in real time. The
     microneedle can be between 10 and 1000 microns in length, enabling
     precise placement in a variety of plant tissues. The impedance behavior
     can distinguish electrical properties and physiological functions of
     different plant tissue types. Therefore, impedance measurements can be
     used to monitor water stress to prevent irreversible damage to a plant
     and to enable improvement of plant biomass or fruit yield. |