| Abstract: | Photovoltaic devices and methods of making the same, are disclosed
herein. The cell comprises a photovoltaic device that comprises a first
electrically conductive layer comprising a photo-sensitized electrode; at
least one photoelectrochemical layer comprising metal-oxide particles, an
electrolyte solution comprising at least one asphaltene fraction, wherein
the metal-oxide particles are optionally dispersed in a surfactant; and a
second electrically conductive layer comprising a counter-electrode,
wherein the second electrically conductive layer comprises one or more
conductive elements comprising carbon, graphite, soot, carbon allotropes
or any combinations thereof. |